# Buyruqlar

# echo Salom
Salom

# man ls

LS(1)                              User Commands                             LS(1)

NAME
       ls - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS
       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
       List  information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).  Sort
       entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.

       Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

       -a, --all
              do not ignore entries starting with .

       -A, --almost-all
              do not list implied . and ..

       --author
              with -l, print the author of each file

       -b, --escape
              print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters

       --block-size=SIZE
              with  -l,  scale  sizes  by   SIZE   when   printing   them;   e.g.,
              '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below

       -B, --ignore-backups
              do not list implied entries ending with ~

       -c     with  -lt:  sort  by,  and show, ctime (time of last modification of
              file status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by name; oth‐
              erwise: sort by ctime, newest first

       -C     list entries by columns

       --color[=WHEN]
              colorize  the  output;  WHEN  can  be 'always' (default if omitted),
              'auto', or 'never'; more info below

       -d, --directory
              list directories themselves, not their contents

       -D, --dired
              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

       -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color

       -F, --classify
              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries

       --file-type
              likewise, except do not append '*'

       --format=WORD
              across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, ver‐
              bose -l, vertical -C

       --full-time
              like -l --time-style=full-iso

       -g     like -l, but do not list owner

       --group-directories-first
              group directories before files;

              can  be  augmented  with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none
              (-U) disables grouping

       -G, --no-group
              in a long listing, don't print group names

       -h, --human-readable
              with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.

       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

       -H, --dereference-command-line
              follow symbolic links listed on the command line

       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
              follow each command line symbolic link

              that points to a directory

       --hide=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a
              or -A)

       --hyperlink[=WHEN]
              hyperlink  file  names;  WHEN  can be 'always' (default if omitted),
              'auto', or 'never'

       --indicator-style=WORD
              append indicator with style WORD to  entry  names:  none  (default),
              slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)

       -i, --inode
              print the index number of each file

       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

       -k, --kibibytes
              default  to  1024-byte  blocks for disk usage; used only with -s and
              per directory totals

       -l     use a long listing format

       -L, --dereference
              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show  information
              for the file the link references rather than for the link itself

       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries

       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

       -N, --literal
              print entry names without quoting

       -o     like -l, but do not list group information

       -p, --indicator-style=slash
              append / indicator to directories

       -q, --hide-control-chars
              print ? instead of nongraphic characters

       --show-control-chars
              show  nongraphic  characters  as-is  (the default, unless program is
              'ls' and output is a terminal)

       -Q, --quote-name
              enclose entry names in double quotes

       --quoting-style=WORD
              use quoting style WORD for  entry  names:  literal,  locale,  shell,
              shell-always,  shell-escape,  shell-escape-always,  c, escape (over‐
              rides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)

       -r, --reverse
              reverse order while sorting

       -R, --recursive
              list subdirectories recursively

       -s, --size
              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

       -S     sort by file size, largest first

       --sort=WORD
              sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S), time (-t),  ver‐
              sion (-v), extension (-X)

       --time=WORD
              with  -l,  show  time  as WORD instead of default modification time:
              atime or access or use (-u); ctime or status (-c); also  use  speci‐
              fied time as sort key if --sort=time (newest first)

       --time-style=TIME_STYLE
              time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below

       -t     sort by modification time, newest first

       -T, --tabsize=COLS
              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

       -u     with  -lt: sort by, and show, access time; with -l: show access time
              and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access time, newest first

       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order

       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text

       -w, --width=COLS
              set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit

       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns

       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension

       -Z, --context
              print any security context of each file

       -1     list one file per line.  Avoid '\n' with -q or -b

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       The SIZE argument  is  an  integer  and  optional  unit  (example:  10K  is
       10*1024).   Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers
       of 1000).

       The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT.
       FORMAT  is  interpreted like in date(1).  If FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FOR‐
       MAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files.
       TIME_STYLE  prefixed  with 'posix-' takes effect only outside the POSIX lo‐
       cale.  Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default  style  to
       use.

       Using  color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with
       --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when  standard
       output  is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS environment variable can
       change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.

   Exit status:
       0      if OK,

       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),

       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).

AUTHOR
       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

REPORTING BUGS
       GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       Report ls translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright © 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License  GPLv3+:  GNU  GPL
       version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This  is  free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.  There
       is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
       Full documentation at: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'

GNU coreutils 8.30                September 2019                             LS(1)

# q - chiqish

# ls -l
total 8
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ubuntu 8177 Okt 15 00:34 README.md

# cat README.md

# cat yoqfayl.txt
cat: yoqfayl.txt: No such file or directory

# touch fayl.txt

# ls -l
total 12
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ubuntu    0 Okt 15 00:39 fayl.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ubuntu 8340 Okt 15 00:39 README.md

# man touch
TOUCH(1)                           User Commands                          TOUCH(1)

NAME
       touch - change file timestamps

SYNOPSIS
       touch [OPTION]... FILE...

DESCRIPTION
       Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time.

       A  FILE  argument  that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is
       supplied.

       A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change
       the times of the file associated with standard output.

       Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

       -a     change only the access time

       -c, --no-create
              do not create any files

       -d, --date=STRING
              parse STRING and use it instead of current time

       -f     (ignored)

       -h, --no-dereference
              affect  each  symbolic  link  instead of any referenced file (useful
              only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink)

       -m     change only the modification time

       -r, --reference=FILE
              use this file's times instead of current time

#       -t STAMP
#              use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time

       --time=WORD
              change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent
              to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats.

DATE STRING
       The  --date=STRING  is a mostly free format human readable date string such
       as "Sun, 29 Feb 2004 16:21:42 -0800" or "2004-02-29 16:21:42" or even "next
       Thursday".   A date string may contain items indicating calendar date, time
       of day, time zone, day of week, relative time, relative date, and  numbers.
       An empty string indicates the beginning of the day.  The date string format
       is more complex than is easily documented here but is  fully  described  in
       the info documentation.

AUTHOR
       Written  by  Paul  Rubin, Arnold Robbins, Jim Kingdon, David MacKenzie, and
       Randy Smith.

REPORTING BUGS
       GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       Report touch translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright © 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License  GPLv3+:  GNU  GPL
       version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This  is  free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.  There
       is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
       Full documentation at: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/touch>
       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) touch invocation'

GNU coreutils 8.30                September 2019                          TOUCH(1)

# q - chiqish

# touch -t 201307150842 test.txt 

# ls -l
total 12
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ubuntu     0 Okt 15 00:39 fayl.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ubuntu 11447 Okt 15 00:46 README.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ubuntu     0 Iyl 15  2013 test.txt

# man ls
LS(1)                              User Commands                             LS(1)

NAME
       ls - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS
       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
       List  information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).  Sort
       entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.

       Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

       -a, --all
              do not ignore entries starting with .

       -A, --almost-all
              do not list implied . and ..

       --author
              with -l, print the author of each file

       -b, --escape
              print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters

       --block-size=SIZE
              with  -l,  scale  sizes  by   SIZE   when   printing   them;   e.g.,
              '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below

       -B, --ignore-backups
              do not list implied entries ending with ~

       -c     with  -lt:  sort  by,  and show, ctime (time of last modification of
              file status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by name; oth‐
              erwise: sort by ctime, newest first

       -C     list entries by columns

       --color[=WHEN]
              colorize  the  output;  WHEN  can  be 'always' (default if omitted),
              'auto', or 'never'; more info below

       -d, --directory
              list directories themselves, not their contents

       -D, --dired
              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

       -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color

       -F, --classify
              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries

       --file-type
              likewise, except do not append '*'

       --format=WORD
              across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, ver‐
              bose -l, vertical -C

#       --full-time
#              like -l --time-style=full-iso

       -g     like -l, but do not list owner

       --group-directories-first
              group directories before files;

              can  be  augmented  with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none
              (-U) disables grouping

       -G, --no-group
              in a long listing, don't print group names

       -h, --human-readable
              with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.

       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

       -H, --dereference-command-line
              follow symbolic links listed on the command line

       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
              follow each command line symbolic link

              that points to a directory

       --hide=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a
              or -A)

       --hyperlink[=WHEN]
              hyperlink  file  names;  WHEN  can be 'always' (default if omitted),
              'auto', or 'never'

       --indicator-style=WORD
              append indicator with style WORD to  entry  names:  none  (default),
              slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)

       -i, --inode
              print the index number of each file

       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

       -k, --kibibytes
              default  to  1024-byte  blocks for disk usage; used only with -s and
              per directory totals

       -l     use a long listing format

       -L, --dereference
              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show  information
              for the file the link references rather than for the link itself

       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries

       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

       -N, --literal
              print entry names without quoting

       -o     like -l, but do not list group information

       -p, --indicator-style=slash
              append / indicator to directories

       -q, --hide-control-chars
              print ? instead of nongraphic characters

       --show-control-chars
              show  nongraphic  characters  as-is  (the default, unless program is
              'ls' and output is a terminal)

       -Q, --quote-name
              enclose entry names in double quotes

       --quoting-style=WORD
              use quoting style WORD for  entry  names:  literal,  locale,  shell,
              shell-always,  shell-escape,  shell-escape-always,  c, escape (over‐
              rides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)

       -r, --reverse
              reverse order while sorting

       -R, --recursive
              list subdirectories recursively

       -s, --size
              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

       -S     sort by file size, largest first

       --sort=WORD
              sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S), time (-t),  ver‐
              sion (-v), extension (-X)

       --time=WORD
              with  -l,  show  time  as WORD instead of default modification time:
              atime or access or use (-u); ctime or status (-c); also  use  speci‐
              fied time as sort key if --sort=time (newest first)

       --time-style=TIME_STYLE
              time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below

       -t     sort by modification time, newest first

       -T, --tabsize=COLS
              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

       -u     with  -lt: sort by, and show, access time; with -l: show access time
              and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access time, newest first

       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order

       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text

       -w, --width=COLS
              set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit

       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns

       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension

       -Z, --context
              print any security context of each file

       -1     list one file per line.  Avoid '\n' with -q or -b

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       The SIZE argument  is  an  integer  and  optional  unit  (example:  10K  is
       10*1024).   Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers
       of 1000).

       The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT.
       FORMAT  is  interpreted like in date(1).  If FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FOR‐
       MAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files.
       TIME_STYLE  prefixed  with 'posix-' takes effect only outside the POSIX lo‐
       cale.  Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default  style  to
       use.

       Using  color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with
       --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when  standard
       output  is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS environment variable can
       change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.

   Exit status:
       0      if OK,

       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),

       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).

AUTHOR
       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

REPORTING BUGS
       GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       Report ls translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright © 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License  GPLv3+:  GNU  GPL
       version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This  is  free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.  There
       is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
       Full documentation at: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'

GNU coreutils 8.30                September 2019                             LS(1)

# ls --full-time
total 20
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ubuntu     0 2022-10-15 00:39:30.027690429 +0500 fayl.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ubuntu 19722 2022-10-15 00:51:15.092788633 +0500 README.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ubuntu     0 2013-07-15 08:42:00.000000000 +0500 test.txt

# clear
